AR45 268 W  Hammurabi¡¯s Code

Hammurabi was a king of Babylon who ruled from 1792 to 1750 BC. He is famous for creating one of the earliest known sets of written laws. This set of laws is called Hammurabi¡¯s Code. It was written on a large stone pillar so that everyone could see it. The laws were designed to ...

AR45 236 W  Mesopotamian Civilization

Mesopotamia is known as the birthplace of the first civilization. It was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Iraq. The name ¡°Mesopotamia¡± means ¡°the land between the rivers.¡± Around 3500 BC, people in Mesopotamia started building cities and creat...

AR45 269 W  The Rise of Egyptian Civilization

Ancient Egypt was one of the first great civilizations. It grew along the Nile River, which gave people water, food, and a way to travel. The river flooded every year, making the land rich for farming. Because of this, people could grow food and build cities. Around 3100 BC, a...

AR45 201 W  Building the Pyramids

The pyramids of Egypt are some of the most famous structures in the world. They were built thousands of years ago as tombs for the pharaohs. These great monuments showed the power of the rulers and the skills of the builders. The largest and most well-known pyramid is the Great P...

AR45 170 W  The Indus Civilization

The Indus Civilization was one of the earliest great civilizations. It developed around 2600 BC in the Indus River Valley, in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. The people built large cities, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had planned streets, brick houses,...

AR45 199 W  The Huanghe Civilization

The Huanghe Civilization, also called the Yellow River Civilization, was the first great civilization in China. It began around 2000 BC along the Yellow River, which provided water and fertile land. People farmed wheat and millet, raised animals, and built villages. Over time, th...

AR45 182 W  The Rise of Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization was the first great civilization in Greece. It began around 1600 BC and lasted until 1100 BC. The Mycenaeans built strong cities, with Mycenae being the most famous. They were skilled warriors and traders, and their culture influenced later Greek civili...

AR45 183 W  The Trojan War

The Trojan War was one of the most famous wars in history. It was fought between the Greeks and the Trojans around 1200 BC. The story of this war became the background for Homer¡¯s great epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey. According to legend, the war began when Paris, a prince ...

AR45 147 W  The Rise of Greek Polis

Ancient Greece was not one united country. Instead, it was made up of many small city-states, called polis. A polis was a city and its surrounding land, acting as an independent country. The two most famous poleis were Athens and Sparta. Each polis had its own government, army...

AR45 215 W  Solon¡¯s Reforms

Solon was an important leader in ancient Athens. Around 594 BC, he introduced major reforms that helped shape Athenian democracy. Before his reforms, Athens was ruled by aristocrats, and poor farmers struggled under heavy debt. Many were forced into slavery because they could not...

AR45 189 W  The Persian Wars

The Persian Wars were a series of battles between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire from 499 BC to 449 BC. The wars started when Greek cities in Asia Minor, ruled by Persia, rebelled. Athens and other Greek city-states helped them, angering King Darius of Persia. To pu...

AR45 259 W  The Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War was a major conflict between Athens and Sparta. It lasted from 431 BC to 404 BC and involved many Greek city-states. The war began because Athens had become very powerful after the Persian Wars. Athens led the Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states,...

AR45 186 W  Alexander the Great¡¯s Conquests

Alexander the Great was one of history¡¯s greatest military leaders. He was the king of Macedonia and began his famous conquests in 334 BC. His goal was to defeat the Persian Empire and expand Greek culture. Over the next 11 years, he built one of the largest empires in history. ...

AR45 154 W  The Roman Republic

In 509 BC, the Roman people removed their last king, Tarquin the Proud. They did not want a king anymore, so they created a republic. In a republic, citizens could choose their leaders, and power was shared among different groups. The Roman Republic was led by two consuls. The...

AR45 149 W  The Punic Wars

The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. These wars decided which power would control the western Mediterranean. Rome and Carthage were both strong, but they had different strengths. Rome had a powerful army, while Carthag...

AR45 175 W  Spartacus¡¯ Rebellion

In 73 BC, a slave named Spartacus led a great rebellion against Rome. He had been a gladiator, forced to fight for entertainment. Along with 70 other slaves, he escaped from a gladiator school and started a slave revolt. Many slaves and poor people joined him, and his army grew t...

AR45 170 W  The Construction of the Colosseum

The Colosseum is one of the greatest buildings of ancient Rome. It was built between AD 70 and 80 under the emperors Vespasian and Titus. The Colosseum was an amphitheater, a large open-air stadium used for public events. It could hold about 50,000 spectators and became a symbol ...

AR45 183 W  The Jewish Diaspora

The Jewish people lived in Judea for many centuries. However, in 70 AD, their lives changed forever. The Roman Empire, led by Emperor Titus, destroyed Jerusalem and its great temple. This event began the Jewish Diaspora, the scattering of Jewish people across different lands. ...

AR45 230 W  The Great Migration of the Germanic Tribes

Long ago, the Roman Empire was powerful. It ruled many lands in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. But by the 4th century, it had many problems. One big problem was the movement of the Germanic tribes. The Germanic tribes lived in northern Europe. They were strong warr...

AR45 165 W  The Viking Invasions

From the 8th to 11th centuries, the Vikings, fierce warriors and skilled sailors from Scandinavia, attacked many parts of Europe. They raided villages, churches, and cities, searching for wealth and land. Their fast ships allowed them to strike suddenly and disappear before defen...

AR45 175 W  The Norman Conquest of England

In 1066, the Normans, led by William the Conqueror, invaded England and changed its history forever. The conflict began when King Edward the Confessor of England died without an heir. This led to a power struggle between Harold Godwinson, the English king, and William, the Duke o...

AR45 225 W  The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of wars between European Christians and Muslim forces in the Middle East. These wars took place between the 11th and 13th centuries. The main goal of the Crusades was to capture Jerusalem, a holy city for both Christians and Muslims. In 1095, Pope Ur...

AR45 237 W  The Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles in England from 1455 to 1487. These wars were between two powerful families: the House of Lancaster and the House of York. Both families wanted to rule England. The symbol of Lancaster was a red rose, and the symbol of York was a whi...

AR45 242 W  The Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was one of the largest empires in history. It was founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. He united the Mongol tribes and started a series of conquests. His empire stretched from China to Europe, covering most of Asia. Genghis Khan was born as Temu...

AR45 245 W  The Black Death

The Black Death was one of the deadliest diseases in history. It spread across Europe between 1347 and 1351, killing millions of people. Historians believe that the disease was caused by bacteria carried by fleas on rats. The plague first appeared in Asia and then traveled to Eur...

AR45 240 W  The Rise of the Renaissance

The Renaissance was a period of great change in Europe. It began in Italy in the 14th century and spread across Europe over the next 300 years. The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" in French. This period saw a revival of art, science, and literature, inspired by the ideas of an...

AR45 209 W  Gutenberg¡¯s Printing Press

Johannes Gutenberg was a German inventor who changed the world with his printing press. Before his invention, books were copied by hand or printed using wooden blocks. This process was slow and expensive, so only the rich and powerful had access to books. In the mid-15th century,...

AR45 202 W  Magellan¡¯s Voyage

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who led the first voyage around the world. His journey proved that the Earth was round and much bigger than people thought. The expedition began in 1519 and lasted for three years. Magellan wanted to find a western route to Asia. He...

AR45 230 W  Luther¡¯s Reformation

Martin Luther was a German priest who changed Christianity forever. In 1517, he started the Protestant Reformation, a movement against the Catholic Church. His actions led to the birth of Protestantism, a new branch of Christianity. At that time, the Catholic Church was very p...

AR45 233 W  Calvin¡¯s Reformation

John Calvin was a French theologian who played a major role in the Protestant Reformation. In the 16th century, he developed his own religious ideas, which later led to the formation of Presbyterianism. His teachings influenced many Protestant churches and shaped Christianity in ...

AR45 232 W  The American Revolution

The American Revolution was a war between Great Britain and its thirteen American colonies. It lasted from 1775 to 1783 and led to the creation of the United States, the world¡¯s first modern democratic republic. In the 18th century, Britain controlled the American colonies. H...

AR45 253 W  The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period of great change in the 18th and 19th centuries. It began in Britain and spread to other parts of the world. This revolution transformed how people worked, lived, and produced goods. It marked the beginning of the modern industrial society. ...

AR45 202 W  The Invention of the Steam Engine

The steam engine was one of the most important inventions in history. It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, helping industries grow and transforming transportation. The steam engine made factories, trains, and ships more efficient, leading to rapid industrial develop...

AR45 228 W  The July Revolution

The July Revolution of 1830 was an important event in French history. It led to the fall of King Charles X and the rise of a more liberal government. This revolution also inspired other European countries to fight for freedom and democracy. Before the revolution, King Charles ...

AR45 228 W  The American Civil War

The American Civil War was one of the most important events in U.S. history. It took place between 1861 and 1865 and was fought between the Northern states (the Union) and the Southern states (the Confederacy). The war led to the end of slavery and the unification of the United S...

AR45 228 W  The Emancipation of Russian Serfs

The Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 was one of the most important events in Russian history. Tsar Alexander II freed millions of serfs, ending a system that had lasted for centuries. This reform marked the beginning of Russia¡¯s modernization and helped shape the country¡¯s fut...

AR45 225 W  German Unification

The unification of Germany in 1871 was one of the most important events in European history. It was led by Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia. His leadership and military strategy helped unite the many German states into a single empire. This event marked the birth ...

AR45 267 W  The Meiji Restoration

The Meiji Restoration was a major turning point in Japanese history. It began in 1868 and transformed Japan from a feudal society into a modern industrial nation. Under the rule of Emperor Meiji, Japan rapidly adopted Western technology, government systems, and military organizat...

AR45 240 W  The Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War of 1898 was a turning point in U.S. history. It marked the rise of the United States as a global power and led to the decline of Spain¡¯s influence. The war was fought between the United States and Spain, mainly over Cuba¡¯s struggle for independence. ...

AR45 223 W  The Opening of the Suez Canal

The Suez Canal, one of the most important waterways in the world, officially opened in 1869. It connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, allowing ships to travel between Europe and Asia without sailing around Africa. This greatly reduced travel time and strengthened global...